Citations for Modularity, Standardization & Scalability


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  1. Lego™ toys have been used to make highly detailed and complex displays. http://ppcorn.com/us/impressive-lego-masterpieces-1/ http://infotainmentxone.blogspot.com/2010/05/fantastic-lego-masterpiece-cities.html
     
  2. U.S. Energy Information Administration. "Most U.S. nuclear power plants were built between 1970 and 1990." 27 April, 2017. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=30972
     
  3. Electronic calculators emerged in the 1970's and weren't commercially prevalent until the second half of the decade. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#1970s_to_mid-1980s
     
  4. Timelapse footage of powerplant construction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Cy5Kgls0U8, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWFanNMnYrc, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikGSD2TyUhE, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SKDUCUMH3w. As you can see, each plant is unique and custom built. Compare this to building a motor vehicle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCCdj0p4CHY, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzgZoe2KquQ, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsQERHXhRN0.
     
  5. Investopedia. "What is Mass Production?" https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/mass-production.asp
     
  6. Power Engineering. "Votle cost upgrade causes rethinking of $25B nuclear plant's future." 9 August, 2018. https://www.power-eng.com/2018/08/09/vogtle-cost-upgrade-causes-rethinking-of-nuclear-plant-s-future/. See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogtle_Electric_Generating_Plant
     
  7. EIA information on power plants nationwide. https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=65&t=2
     
  8. Information on the number of Energy Utilities operating in the United States. https://www.publicpower.org/system/files/documents/2018-Public-Power-Statistical-Report-Updated.pdf
     
  9. Energy.gov information on the number of power lines in the U.S. http://energy.gov/articles/top-9-things-you-didnt-know-about-americas-power-grid
     
  10. U.S. Department of Energy. "Cyber threat and vulnerability analysis of the U.S. Electric Sector." August, 2016. Hosted on-server: https://nextgiantleap.org/sites/default/files/source_files/energy-cyber-attack.pdf
     
  11. Reuters. “Power reliability will cost Americans more.” 13 September, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-utilities-sandiego-blackout/insight-power-reliability-will-cost-americans-more-idUSTRE78C4UG20110913
     
  12. Forbes Magazine. "Cost of Decarbonizing U.S. Power Grid put at $4.5 Trillion." J Parnell. 27 June, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnparnell/2019/06/27/cost-of-decarbonizing-u-s-power-grid-put-at-4-5-trillion/#39ff0a5f8142
    Business Insider. "Replacing the US electric grid could cost $5 trillion." T. Paraskova, writing for oilprice.com. 25 May, 2017. https://www.businessinsider.com/replacing-the-us-electric-grid-could-cost-5-trillion-2017-3
    Reuters. “Power reliability will cost Americans more.” 13 September, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-utilities-sandiego-blackout/insight-power-reliability-will-cost-americans-more-idUSTRE78C4UG20110913
     
  13. Seattle Times. "Flawed analysis, failed oversight: How Boeing, FAA certified the suspect 737 MAX flight control system." D. Gates. 17 March, 2019. https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/failed-certification-faa-missed-safety-issues-in-the-737-max-system-implicated-in-the-lion-air-crash/
    Forbes Magazine. "Ex-Boeing 737 MAX Engineer says team was pressured to cut costs as grounding continues." I. Togoh. 29 July, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/isabeltogoh/2019/07/29/ex-boeing-engineer-says-workers-were-pressured-to-keep-costs-down-amid-737-max-grounding/#59d12a1d2e9a
    New York Times. "Boeing 737 MAX factory was plagued with problems, whistle-blower says." D Gates. 29 January, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/09/business/boeing-737-max-whistleblower.html
     
  14. The Guardian. "Boeing puts cost of 737 MAX crashes as $19 billion as it slumps to annual loss." D. Rushe. 29 January, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jan/29/boeing-puts-cost-of-737-max-crashes-at-19bn-as-it-slumps-to-annual-loss
     
  15. Wired Magazine. "How Boeing builds a 737 in just 9 days." J. Stewart. 27 September, 2016. https://www.wired.com/2016/09/boeing-builds-737-just-nine-days/
    Timelapse of 737 construction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=liZ0WEEsuz4
     
  16. The Post and Courier. "Pace of 787 Dreamliner production quickens and Boeing's North Charlson campus." D. Wren. 1 April, 2018. https://www.postandcourier.com/business/pace-of-dreamliner-production-quickens-at-boeing-s-north-charleston/article_02b584ea-3384-11e8-a3d4-ff9ca36dc590.html
     
  17. According to Budweiser and several sources, it takes Anheuser-Busch approximately 30 days to brew a bottle of beer. https://www.cnbc.com/2008/07/02/Brewing-the-King-of-Beers.html / https://thefederalist.com/2015/02/18/making-the-case-for-budweiser/
     
  18. International Atomic Energy Agency. “Introduction of Nuclear Desalination.” Technical Reports Series no 400. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/TRS400_scr.pdf#p57
     
  19. U.S. Department of Energy. "Hydrogen Production: Electrolysis." https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-production-electrolysis